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عمومی::
خط مشی نوآوری
In chapter 13, Petra Ahrweiler, Andreas Pyka, and Nigel Gilbert present an agent-based innovation policy model (SKIN) developed by a team of scientists that has made a number of unique contributions simulating the effects and impacts of policy-making on the structure, composition, and outputs of research and innovation networks.
The SKIN model allows policy makers to examine the contributions of specific research and innovation policies to societal goals, and it represents one of the most successful policy models used in Europe over the last decade.
Innovation policy makers, business managers, and the public often expect that investments in research and development (R&D), higher education institutions, and science-industry networks will immediately produce a flow of products and processes with high commercial returns.
However, since the 1980s, the weaknesses of this approach have become very obvious: Different systems are related, the actors within those systems are not endowed with homogenous knowledge, and simplifying assumptions necessary to maintain predictability of the analytic model also stripped it of its usefulness in providing genuine, novel insights into innovation policy.
New approaches enable the modeling of innovation policy initiatives to encompass a greater number of parameters and perform simulations that forecast the potential impact of proposed innovation policy.
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